A massive urban renewal and public-health campaign in the first decades of the nineteenth century transformed Brazil's capital into a showcase of European architecture and public works. The renovation of Rio, or "civilization" campaign, as the government called it, widened streets, modernized the port, and improved sanitation, lighting, and public transportation. These changes made life worse, not better, for the majority of the city's residents, however; the laboring poor could no longer afford to live in the downtown, and the public-health plan did not extend to the peripheral areas where they were being forced to.
“Civilizing” Rio: Reform and Resistance in a Brazilian City, 1889–1930 book
“Civilizing” Rio: Reform and Resistance in a Brazilian City, 1889–1930 books pdf online
“Civilizing” Rio: Reform and Resistance in a Brazilian City, 1889–1930 ipod
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